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All aboard! Welcome to the British brand leader of 00 Gauge railways. Discover our extensive range, news and releases for model train sets ready to buy today! THE MODELMAKER'S HANDBOOK is a complete guide. for creative inspiration. The Complete Manual of Woodworking. The model maker must be highly skilled in the use of many machines including but not limited to: manual lathes, manual mills, CNC machines, lasers, wire EDM.
Using Arduino replaces the manual building of circuits from scratch and makes. A versatile textbook of ideas for creative design solutions with 300. About Shipwright, 2011. The second edition of a new, full-colour annual focusing on all facets of 'scratch-built' model shipbuilding, as well as related articles on.
Scale model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A scale model of the Tower of London.
This model can be found inside the tower. Scale model of water powered turbine. A scale model is most generally a physical representation of an object, which maintains accurate relationships between all important aspects of the model, although absolute values of the original properties need not be preserved. This enables it to demonstrate some behavior or property of the original object without examining the original object itself. The most familiar scale models represent the physical appearance of an object in miniature, but there are many other kinds. Scale models are used in many fields including engineering, architecture, film making, military command, salesmanship and hobby model building. While each field may use a scale model for a different purpose, all scale models are based on the same principles and must meet the same general requirements to be functional.
The detail requirements vary depending on the needs of the modeler. To be a true scale model, all relevant aspects must be accurately modeled, such as material properties, so the model's interaction with the outside world is reliably related to the original object's interaction with the real world.[citation needed]Requirements for scale models[edit]In general a scale model must be designed and built primarily considering similitude theory.
However, other requirements concerning practical issues must also be considered. Similitude requirements[edit]Similitude is the theory and art of predicting prototype (original object) performance from scale model observations.[1] The main requirement of similitude is all dimensionless quantities must be equal for both the scaled model and the prototype under the conditions the modeler desires to make observations. Dimensionless quantities are generally referred to as Pi terms, or ПЂ terms. In many fields the ПЂ terms are well established.
For example, in fluid dynamics, a well known dimensionless number called the Reynolds number comes up frequently in scale model tests with fluid in motion relative to a stationary surface.[2] Thus, for a scale model test to be reliable, the Reynolds number, as well as all other important dimensionless quantities, must be equal for both scale model and prototype under the conditions that the modeler wants to observe. An example of the Reynolds number and its use in similitude theory satisfaction can be observed in the scale model testing of fluid flow in a horizontal pipe. The Reynolds number for the scale model pipe must be equal to the Reynolds number of the prototype pipe for the flow measurements of the scale model to correspond to the prototype in a meaningful way. This can be written mathematically, with the subscript m referring to the scale model and subscript p referring to the prototype, as follows: where. Observing the equation above it is clear to see that while the Reynolds numbers must be equal for the scale model and the prototype, this can be accomplished in many different ways, for example, in this problem by altering the scale of the dynamic viscosity of the model to work with the scale of the length. This means, the scales of different quantities, for example a material's elasticity in the scale model versus the prototype, are governed by equating the dimensionless quantities and the other quantity's scaling within the dimensionless quantity to ensure the dimensionless quantity of interest is of equal magnitude for the scale model and prototype.
Scaling[edit]With the above understanding of similitude requirements, it becomes clear the scale often reported in scale models refers only to the geometric scale, (L referring to length), and not the scale of the parameters potentially important to consider in the scale model design and fabrication. In general the scale of any quantity i, perhaps material density or viscosity, is defined as: where. This relationship must be applied to all quantities of interest in the prototype, observing similitude requirements—so the scale model can be built using dimensions and materials that make scale model testing results meaningful with respect to the prototype.[3] One method to determine the dimensionless quantities of concern for a given problem is to use dimensional analysis. Practical requirements[edit]Practical concerns include the cost to construct the model, available test facilities to condition and observe the model, the availability of certain materials, and even who will build it. Practical requirements are often very diverse depending on the purpose of the scale model and they all must be considered to have a successful scale model experience. As an example, perhaps an aerospace company needs to test a new wing shape.
According to the similitude requirements the test must be carried out in a wind tunnel that can drop the temperature of the air to в€’1. В°C (в€’1. 98 В°F), such as the 0. Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center.[4] However, if a facility such as this one can't be used, perhaps due to cost constraints, the similitude requirements must be relaxed or the test redesigned to accommodate the limitation. Classes[edit]For a scale model to represent a prototype in a perfectly true manner, all the dimensionless quantities, or ПЂ terms, must be equal for the scale model during the observational period and the prototype under the conditions the modeler desires to study. However, in many situations, designing a scale model that equates all the ПЂ terms to the prototype is simply not possible due to lack of materials, cost restrictions, or limitations of testing facilities. In this case, concessions must be made for practical reasons to the similitude requirements.
Depending on the phenomena being observed, perhaps some dimensionless quantities aren't of interest and thus can be ignored by the modeler and the results of the scale model can still safely be assumed to correspond to the prototype. An example of this from fluid dynamics is flow of a liquid in a horizontal pipe. Possible ПЂ terms to consider in this situation are Reynolds number, Weber number, Froude number, and Mach number. For this flow configuration, however, no surface tension is involved, so the Weber number is inappropriate. Also, compression of the fluid is not applicable, so the Mach number can be disregarded. Finally, gravity is not responsible for the flow, so the Froude number can also be disregarded.
This leaves the modeler with only the Reynolds number to worry about in terms of equating its values for the scale model and the prototype.[5]In general, scale models can be classified into three classes depending on the degree of similitude satisfaction they exhibit. To begin, a true model is one with complete similitude—that is, all π terms are equal for the scale model and the prototype. True models are difficult to realize in reality due to the many possible quantities the modeler must consider. As a result, modelers identify the important dimensionless quantities and construct a scale model that satisfies these. Important dimensionless quantities are called first- order dimensional requirements.
A model that satisfies first- order similarity is called an adequate model. Finally, for scale models that fail to satisfy one or more of the first- order requirements, the name distorted model is given.[6]Examples[edit]Scale models are used by many fields for many different purposes. Some of the specific uses of scale models by specific fields are explained below in the examples. Structural scale model[edit]Although structural engineering has been a field of study for thousands of years and many of the great problems have been solved using analytical and numerical techniques, many problems are still too complicated to understand in an analytical manner or the current numerical techniques lack real world confirmation.
When this is the case, for example a complicated reinforced concrete beam- column- slab interaction problem, scale models can be constructed observing the requirements of similitude to study the problem. Many structural labs exist to test these structural scale models such as the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory at the University of Illinois, UC.[7]. This is a load confinement box from the University of Illinois, UC Structural engineering lab. It can impart six degrees of freedom on structural scale models.[8]For structural engineering scale models, it is important for several specific quantities to be scaled according to the theory of similitude.
These quantities can be broadly grouped into three categories: loading, geometry, and material properties. A good reference for considering scales for a structural scale model under static loading conditions in the elastic regime is presented in Table 2. Structural Modeling and Experimental Techniques.[9]Structural engineering scale models can use different approaches to satisfy the similitude requirements of scale model fabrication and testing. A practical introduction to scale model design and testing is discussed in the paper "Pseudodynamic Testing of Scaled Models".[1. Model aircraft[edit]Main article: Model aircraft. Model aircraft are divided into two main groups: static and flying models.
Static model aircraft[edit]Static model aircraft are commonly built using plastic, but wood, metal, card and paper can also be used. Models are sold painted and assembled, painted but not assembled (snap- fit), or unpainted and not assembled. The most popular types of aircraft to model are commercial airliners and military aircraft. Aircraft can be modeled in many "scales".
The scale notation is the size of the model compared to the real, full- size aircraft called the "prototype". Sometimes the scale notation is not used; it is simply stated: "my model is one eighth (1/8) scale", meaning "my model is one eighth the size of the real airplane" or "my model is one eight as large as the real airplane". Popular scales are, in order of size, 1: 1.
Recommended Books. ARCHITECTUREDRAFTING AND DRAWINGELECTRONICSFABRICATIONINVENTIONS AND PATENTSMATERIALSMECHANISMSPROTOTYPES AND PRODUCTSSAFETYSMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENTSPECIAL EFFECTSARCHITECTURE"A Guide to Professional Architectural and Industrial Scale Model Building" by Graham Day Pattinson. Prentice- Hall. 1. ISBN 0- 4. 42- 2. Hardcover: 3. 60 pages. A good overview of techniques for building architectural and industrial scale models."Architectural and Interior Models" by Sanford Hohauser.
Van Nostrand Reinhold 2nd edition. December 1. 98. 4). ISBN 0. 44. 22. 36.
Paperback: 3. 20 pages."Architectural Model Building: Tools, Techniques, & Materials" by Roark T. Congdon. Fairchild Publications. March 1. 7, 2. 01. ISBN- 1. 0: 1. 56. ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78- 1. Paperback: 2. 56 pages. More than 3. 00 photographs illustrate a multitude of techniques and the use of a wide variety of materials. It explains common mistakes and how to correct them."Architectural Models: Construction Techniques, Second Edition" by Wolfgang Knoll & Martin Hechinger.
J. Ross Publishing January 2. ISBN 1. 3: 9. 78- 1. Hardcover: 1. 44 pages."Architectural Supermodels" by Tom Porter and John Neale.
Architectural Press. ISBN 0- 7. 50. 6- 4. Paperback: 1. 86 pages.
Examples and case studies of architectural models used as tools at the heart of design thinking for engaging disputed aspects of design and exploring embryonic ideas through scores of sequentially built maquettes, each made in order to refine and resolve function and form as well as improve build- ability of the concepts."Building Architectural & Interior Models Fast" by G. Matthew Buckles. Belphine Publishing Company. ISBN: 0- 9. 62. 92. Paperback: 2. 14 pages. Easy to follow step- by- step guide to constructing design studio models - primarily paper board study models."Designing with Models: A Studio Guide to Making and Using Architectural Design Models" by Criss B. Mills. John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 0- 4. 71- 3. X. Paperback: 2. 08 pages."Fallingwater the Model" by Paul Bonofillo. Rizzoli. 2. 00. 0. ISBN: 0- 8. 47. 8- 2. Hardcover: 8. 0 pages. A step- by- step model building book from a Cooper Union educated architect who built models of the Mies Barcelona Pavilion and Philip Johnson's Glass House."LA TOUR DE 3. METRES" by Gustave Eiffel.
Taschen Gmb. H. 2. ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78- 3- 8. ISBN- 1. 0: 3- 8. X. Hardcover: 1. 60 pages. This book is a 2. June 1, 1. 90. 0.
The page size is 1. X 2. 1”. The text is in English, Deutsch, Francais, Espanol, Italiano, Portugues, Netherlands and Japanese. Pages 3. Included are cross- sections, elevations and floor plans. The book sets out all the structural components making up the tower including the tools needed to build it. The rest of the book is text divided into eight parts covering the principals of the tower’s execution, the mathematical calculations behind the design, the detail of the individual metal components making up the frame, the foundation, the elevators, etc."Model Builder's Notebook: A Guide for Architects, Landscape Architects and Interior Designers" by Fuller Moore. Mc. Graw- Hill companies, (August 1, 1. ISBN 0. 07. 04. 30.
Paperback: 1. 38 pages.“modelmaking: a basic guide” by Martha Sunderland. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 0- 3. 93- 7. Paperback: 1. 12 pages. Written by a Professor of Architecture this is a useful book for architectural students. The focus is on how to make architectural study models with paper, chipboard, illustration board, foamcore, balsa and basswood. Recommended by APMM member Fred Kennedy."Modeling Messages: The Architect and the Model" by Karen Moon.
Monacelli. 2. 00. ISBN: 1. 58. 09. 31. Hardcover: 2. 40 pages. This book focuses on models from the second half of the twentieth century including illustrations of inventive designs by architects Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zada Hadid and Cesar Pelli. Explored are how architects use their models to project their ideas and shows how changes in materials and processes in model making contribute to a model’s capacity for expression. Recommended by APMM member Nick Morgan."Models and Prototypes" by Yoshiharu Shimizu, Takashi Kojima, Masazo Tano and Shinji Matsuda. Books Nippan. 1. 99. ISBN 4. 76. 61. 06.
Paperback: 1. 67 pages."The Art of the Architectural Model" by Akiko Busch, Design Press. ISBN 0- 8. 30. 6- 9. Hardcover, 1. 28 pages."Frank O. Gehry Guggenheim Museum Bilboa" by Coosje van Bruggen, Guggenheim Museum Publications.
ISBN 0- 8. 10. 9- 6. Hardcover: 2. 11 pages. This book details in working pictures and words Gehry's design process of envisioning a building through semi- autonomous drawings and handmade models that evolve as each piece unfolds to models bigger and bigger bringing into focus more elements and pieces of the puzzle. DRAFTING AND DRAWING"Basic Blueprint Reading" by Warren Hammer. Industrial Press; 3rd Edition.
ISBN: 0. 83. 11. 31. X. Paperback: 3. 14 pages. The author has over 5.
This is a textbook/workbook."Basic Blueprint Reading and Sketching" by C. Thomas Olivio. Thomas Delmar Learning. ISBN: 0. 76. 68. 08. Paperback: 2. 40 pages."Cyclopedia of Drawing" by various authors and collaborators. Published by American Technical Society Chicago. Hardcover: Volume I - 3. Volume II - 3. 62 pages, Volume III - 4.
Volume IV - 3. 75 pages and Volume V - 3. Inside Auto. CAD 2.
David Harrington. New Rider Press. 2. ISBN: 0. 73. 37. 14. Paperback: 9. 12 pages. For intermediate and advanced Auto. CAD users.“Model Design & Blueprinting Handbook Volume 1” by Charles Adams. Modelers. Notebook.
January 2. 00. 7. ISBN- 1. 0: 0- 9. ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78- 0- 9.
Paperback: 2. 60 pages. See the Dennis Heinzeroth review in the The Leading Edge Newsletter Spring/Summer 2. Perspective: A New System for Designers" by Jay Doblin. Whitney Publications, Inc., 1.
ASIN: B0. 00. 7E5. QG. Hardcover: 6. The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" by Betty Edwards.
Jeremy P. Tarcher, Revised Expanded Edition 1. ISBN: 0. 87. 47. 74. Hardcover: 2. 91 pages. The exercises in this book will teach even the non- artistic beginner how to draw accurately from life with incredible detail, subtlety and nuance.
ELECTRONICS "A Beginner's Guide to Creative Effects for your Model Railroad" by Paul M. Newitt. J- T Publishing. June 2. 00. 5. ISBN- 1. ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78- 0.
Paperback. 2. 00 pages. Easy to follow information and techniques explained here will give you the confidence to add animation to not only model railroads but other needs of the professional model maker as well. Includes over 5. See APMM member Dennis Heinzeroth's review in the Summer 2. APMM E- Newsletter."Getting Started with Arduino (MAKE: Projects)" by Massimo Banzi. Make Books; 1st Edition October 2. ISBN- 1. 0: 0. 59. ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78- 0.
Paperback. 1. 28 pages. Arduino has two major parts: the Arduino board is a small microprocesser board and the Arduino IDE is the piece of software you run on your computer. You use IDE to create a sketch (a little computer program) that you upload to the Arduino board. The sketch tells the board what to do. Using Arduino replaces the manual building of circuits from scratch and makes changes in logic much easier since you just change the software and not the wiring, components, etc."Physical Computing: Sensing and Controlling the Physical World with Computers" by Dan Sullivan. Course Technology PTR; 1st Edition (May 2. ISBN- 1. 0: 1. 59. X. ISBN- 1. 3: 9.
Paperback. 4. 96 pages. This books shows how to get the computer to interact with the physical world through additional hardware and programming. It covers everything from basic electronics to microcontroller based projects. FABRICATION"BABES, BEASTS AND BRAWN: Sculpture OF THE FANTASTIC" by Steve Kiwus.
Dark Horse Press. ISBN- 1. 0: 1- 5.
ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78- 1- 5. Soft cover: 1. 60 pages. The author is a toy and action figure sculptor. The book features a "How To" section titled "A Peek into the Workshop". See the Dennis Heinzeroth review in The Leading Edge Newsletter Winter 2. Backstage Handbook: Illustrated Almanac of Technical Information, 3rd Edition " by Paul Carter.
Broadway Press. 1. ISBN 0. 91. 17. 47. Blue leatherette: 3. This popular reference book includes chapters on tools, hardware, materials, electrics, shop math, architecture and theater."Exploratorium Cookbook I" by Raymond Bruman. Published by the Exploratorium. Paperback: 2. 84 pages.
Construction details for building 8. Exploratorium museum in San Francisco, many are electrical and mechanical."Exploratorium Cookbook II" by Ron Hipschman.
Published by the Exploratorium. Paperback: 1. 72 pages. Construction details for building 5. Exploratorium Cookbook III" by Ron Hipschman. Published by the Exploratorium.
Paperback: 3. 16 pages. Construction details for building 6. FAB The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop – from Personal Computers to Fabrication" by Neil Gershenfeld. Basic Books. 2. 00. ISBN: 0. 46. 50. 27. Hardcover: 2. 78 pages. The author, a physicist, teaches a course called "How to Make (almost) Anything" at MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms which he heads.
The author explains how personal fabrication systems (small inexpensive clusters of tools, including a milling machine and a cutter to make simple printed circuit boards, and software that function as complete job shops) will spread rapidly even in remote villages as the cost drops from $2. FIGURE MAKING CAN BE FUN?!?” by Michael Brose. Perfect bound: 2. Available from the website www.
Written by APMM member Michael Brose this book is jam packed with quality figure making and puppet making information including proportions, sculpting models, plaster molds, latex molds, silicone molds, casting, mechanics and animations, painting & body construction, wigs, etc. This book has great depth of information and instruction for every stage of production."Industrial Model Building" by Louis Gary Lamit and Engineering Model Associates, Inc. Prentice Hall, Inc. ISBN 0- 1. 3- 4. 61. Hardcover: 3. 80 pages. This book is based on the author's experience teaching piping drafting and industrial modeling at the college level.